HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) is an HTTP-based media streaming communications protocol implemented by Apple Inc. As part of its QuickTime, Safari, OS X, and iOS software. It works by breaking the overall stream into a sequence of small HTTP-based file downloads, each download loading one short chunk of an overall potentially unbounded transport stream. Where RTMP maintains a constant connection between media server and video player, progressive video players on HTTP rely on a buffer. This means that the video is initially downloaded, and it is this locally cached file that is played back.

What is RTMP? Initially, RTMP (Real Time Messaging Protocol) was created by Adobe Systems for transmitting audio and video streams, text messages, and other data across the web. The main principle of its work lies in initiating interaction between a server and user’s Flash Player. RTMP is based on TCP, which means that its high priority lies in sustaining stable connection and providing low-latency interaction. In order to broadcast smooth streams and to transmit as much data as possible RTMP server divides information into fragments.

Then, fragments’ size is defined due to the format of interaction between a user and a server. What is more interesting about RTMP is that it involves different virtual channels, which transmit data packets during one media session. These channels may include: a channel for RPC requests and their results, one for control messages, channels for audio and video streaming.

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Moreover, they can operate simultaneously without causing any technical issues for one another. RTMP vs RTSP In terms of data transmitting, there is another well-known protocol called RTSP. So, let’s take a look at the differences between RTMP and RTSP protocols. The main purpose of RTSP (Real Time Streaming Protocol) is to maintain the activities of streaming servers. Furthermore, this protocol sets up an interaction between a client and a server. RTSP enables end users to control media session by means of simple commands such as play, pause, and stop. Moreover, it allows clients to watch video from any fragment without waiting for complete download.

RTMP, in its turn, also sustains abovementioned features. However, RTMP server, by means of RTMP protocol, can monitor every action taken by a client starting from the time he or she initiates session until the session is closed. In such a way, it makes reports within RTMP more precise and provides a full picture of user’s activity during particular media session.

Likewise RTMP, RTSP is capable of live streaming as well. However, streaming data transmission is not a main task for RTSP, that is why, for this purpose it needs some additional protocols. How it works The principle of RTMP work is simple. In order to start RTMP stream, it’s enough to establish interaction between RTMP server and client RTMP player. Once this communication is set up, the server starts transmitting the media as a constant flow of bytes. This process continues until either the server or the player finishes the session. The good thing is that RTMP protocol is very flexible and delivering audio, video and text information in various formats belongs to its capabilities.

For instance, RTMP protocol enables video streaming in MP4 and FLV formats, audio streaming – in MP3 and AAC. Moreover, thanks to this protocol, RTMP server sends media to web applications as well as to mobile devices. For this purpose a user needs to have Flash Player installed in a browser or on a mobile device accordingly.

Then, swf file, which contains all media information of the stream, will be played by Flash Player. However, one of the greatest benefits of RTMP protocol is that it can be applied to live and on demand streaming. Let’s take a look at each of these streaming processes.

Live streaming Live video streaming belongs to key features of RTMP protocol. With its help, you can broadcast your video live during the process of its recording. Mainly, live broadcasting is used for sports events, shows, concerts etc. In this case, RTMP protocol is literally irreplaceable. It has low latency from real time in streaming, in comparison with HTTP protocol and its delay of more than ten seconds, which is not appropriate for professional live streaming. Let’s review one more vivid example of RTMP exceptional functionality for live streaming. For example, popular IP cameras that support RTMP protocol, have built in loudspeakers, so you can not only see the video live, but also be involved in the process of broadcasting and express your opinion to the streamers.